SEGOND FRACTURE

Segond Fracture

• Avulsion of the lateral tibia at the attachment of the lateral capsule.
• Varus stress and internal rotation of the leg that occur when the knee is flexed place excess tension on the lateral capsule and associated ligaments. Too much stress can result in avulsion.
• Due to the mechanism of injury, anterior cruciate ligament tears are commonly associated with this type of fracture.

PROXIMAL TIBIAL STRESS FRACTURE

Proximal Tibial Stress Fracture

* Appears as a band of sclerosis in the proximal tibia on plain film.
* Nuclear bone scanning is more sensitive for this diagnosis.

The following radiograph was obtained from an athlete complaining of a painful shin.

TIBIAL PLATEAU FRACTURE

* Also known as "fender" or "bumper" fractures, tibial plateau fractures most often are the result of a moving vehicle striking the knee.
* Plateau fractures (medial and lateral) are the most common fracture sustained at the proximal tibia.
* When depression is not present, fracture may be difficult to recognize with standard radiographic exam. Alternative views and/or CT may be required for diagnosis.
* CT with multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) can be useful to help understand the anatomy of the fracture in 3D.
* Associated damage to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus is common due to valgus stress placed on the knee during injury.
* Postraumatic arthritis and malunion can result.

TRANSVERSE AVULSION PATELLAR FRACTURE

Caused by indirect force generated by quadriceps tendon.
transverse fracture of patella is much more common than longitudinal or communited fracture.
As with all patellar fracture ,it is important to differentiate it from bipartite or tripartite Patella.

PATELLAR FRACTURE

Patellar fracture as shown in sunrise view of knee joint